Ethereum Consensus Specifications

This repository hosts the Ethereum proof-of-stake specifications for consensus-layer clients. Design rationale and proposed changes are discussed in issues. Agreed-upon changes are made through pull requests. Specifications can be found in specs, arranged by upgrade. Each upgrade builds on the previous, specifying only what it changes. Individual features are developed in parallel and are folded into an upgrade when ready.

Stable specifications

Seq.	Code Name	Fork Epoch	Link
0	Phase0	0	Spec
1	Altair	74240	Spec
2	Bellatrix	144896	Spec
3	Capella	194048	Spec
4	Deneb	269568	Spec
5	Electra	364032	Spec
6	Fulu	411392	Spec

Unstable specifications

Seq.	Code Name	Fork Epoch	Link
7	Gloas	TBD	Spec
8	Heze	TBD	Spec

Rendered viewers

• https://ethereum.github.io/spec-viewer/
• https://ethereum.github.io/consensus-specs/

Reference tests

• Release assets
• Nightly artifacts

Design goals

• Minimize complexity, even at the cost of some losses in efficiency.
• Remain live through major network partitions and mass node outages.
• Select components that are quantum-secure or easy to swap out.
• Use crypto and design techniques that support a large validator set.
• Minimize hardware requirements such that a consumer laptop can participate.

External specifications

• Beacon APIs
• Beacon Metrics
• Builder Specs
• Cryptography Specs
• Deposit Contract
• Engine APIs
• SimpleSerialize Specs

Useful resources

• Design Rationale
• Phase0 for Humans
• Combining GHOST and Casper
• Vitalik's annotated spec
• Upgrading Ethereum